Resolution 2765 (2024)
Adopted by the Security Council at its 9824th meeting, on 20 December 2024
The Security Council,
Recalling its previous resolutions and the statements of its President concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), especially its previous resolutions regarding the mandate of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) and the sanctions regime established by resolutions 1493 (2003), 1533 (2004) and 1807 (2008) and the presidential… [read more] statement S/PRST/2023/5,
Reaffirming the basic principles of peacekeeping, including consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force, except in self-defence and defence of the mandate,
Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity of the DRC as well as all States in the region and emphasising the urgent need to respect fully the principles of non-interference, good-neighbourliness and regional cooperation,
Taking full note of the completion of the first phase of the withdrawal of MONUSCO from South Kivu, in line with resolution 2717 (2023) and with the comprehensive disengagement plan submitted to the Security Council by the Joint Working Group of MONUSCO and the Government of the DRC on 21 November 2023,
Welcoming the signing of the provincial road map for the transition in South Kivu on 22 June 2024 as well as the launch of an accompanying United Nations support plan on 1 July 2024 which chart a clear pathway towards lasting peace and stability in the South Kivu province,
Taking note of statements delivered by the Government of the DRC in the Security Council Briefings of 30 September 2024 and 9 December 2024, and of the note verbale of the Government of the DRC to the Security Council dated 11 December 2024, supporting a more flexible and gradual approach to MONUSCO’s withdrawal informed by local security conditions,
Underlining that the continuation of the Mission’s withdrawal should be accompanied by an enhanced and simultaneous strengthening of the State’s capabilities and authority, in particular the presence of State defence and security forces to avoid any security gaps, including in South Kivu, in order to ensure effective protection of civilians and calling on all international partners to provide adequate support to the Government of DRC in that regard,
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Recalling that the Government of the DRC bears the primary responsibility to protect civilians within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction, including from international crimes, recognising the persistent security challenge threatening civilians, also underlining the importance of national efforts to restore State authority in all parts of the country to overcome the threats posed by armed groups,
Expressing concern about the continued violence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and sustained tension between Rwanda and the DRC, and noting that the DRC continues to suffer from recurring and evolving cycles of conflict and persistent violence by foreign and domestic armed groups, including the Mouvement du 23 Mars (M23), the Coopérative pour le développement du Congo (CODECO), the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR), the Zaïre/FPAC, the Résistance pour un Etat de droit (RED-Tabara), Mai-Mai groups, Twirwaneho, some elements acting under self-defence labels, and several other domestic and foreign armed groups, and their violations of international humanitarian law as well as other applicable international law, and abuses of human rights, which exacerbate a deeply concerning security, human rights and humanitarian crisis, as well as inter-communal and militia violence in areas of the DRC,
Expressing concern over reported links between the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and terrorist networks in eastern DRC, including the increasing threat caused by ADF to the civilian population of Ituri and North Kivu, emphasising that such links may further exacerbate conflicts and contribute to undermining State authority and underscoring that there can be no purely military solutions to these problems as well as the importance of a holistic approach to counter terrorism carried out in accordance with applicable international law,
Recognising the efforts of the Government and the people of the DRC aiming at the achievement of peace and national development, as well as regional support and engagement, further recognising the efforts of the Armed Forces of the DRC (FARDC) and MONUSCO in addressing the threat posed by armed groups in the DRC,
Remaining deeply concerned by high levels of violations and abuses of human rights, including conflict-related sexual violence, and violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law in parts of the country, committed by all parties and particularly by armed groups, and calling for accountability for such violations and abuses,
Expressing concern for the deteriorating humanitarian and human rights situation in internally displaced persons (IDP) and refugee camps, as well as acute conflict-related sexual violence, perpetrated particularly by armed groups, calling on all parties to respect the civilian and humanitarian character of camps and settlement for IDPs and refugees, stressing the role of the Congolese National Police (PNC) in securing such camps, and encouraging contributions to support the DRC in training programs for the PNC,
Encouraging the Government of the DRC to pursue efforts to prevent intercommunal violence, including violence fuelled by hate speech, misinformation and disinformation, including through social media platforms,
Reaffirming the important role of women and youth in the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts, as well as in peacebuilding and electoral processes and stressing the importance of their full, equal, meaningful and safe participation in all efforts for the maintenance of and promotion of peace and security in the DRC, including in regional-led processes,
Expressing great concern over the humanitarian situation that has left an estimated 25.4 million Congolese in need of humanitarian assistance, and the growing number of internally displaced persons in the DRC, currently estimated at 6.5 million,
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and the 527,000 refugees in the DRC, as well as the more than 1.1 million refugees from the DRC in Africa as a result of ongoing hostilities, encouraging member States to commit to a more equitable sharing of the burden and responsibility for hosting and supporting refugees in the DRC in line with the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework, further calling upon the DRC and all States in the region to work towards a peaceful environment conducive to the realisation of durable solutions for refugees and IDPs, including their voluntary, safe and dignified return and reintegration in the DRC, with the support of the United Nations Country Team (UNCT) and humanitarian actors, and stressing that any such solution should be in line with relevant obligations under international refugee law, international humanitarian law and international human rights law,
Recalling the UN guiding principles of humanitarian emergency assistance and humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence,
Calling upon all parties to armed conflicts in the DRC to immediately allow and facilitate the full, safe, rapid, unhindered and sustained delivery of humanitarian assistance to all civilians in need consistent with the humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence,
Demanding that all parties respect and protect all humanitarian personnel, including national and locally recruited personnel, and medical personnel, their means of transport and equipment, as well as hospitals and other medical facilities, in accordance with their obligations under international law
Noting the importance of commercial trade of food, fuel and other essential commodities to meet civilians’ basic survival needs,
Recalling all its relevant resolutions on women, peace and security, on youth, peace and security, on children and armed conflict, and on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, welcoming efforts of the Government of the DRC in this regard and to implement resolution 1325 (2000), stressing the importance of localized approaches to addressing women’s needs in conflict, and their meaningful participation in decision-making and the need to strengthen capacities to deliver on WPS commitments, also recalling the conclusions on children and armed conflict in the DRC adopted on 19 December 2022 by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict pertaining to the parties in armed conflicts of the DRC, expressing grave concern over the high number of violations and abuses against children, in particular the increase in recruitment and use, as well as sexual and gender-based violence being committed by armed groups and some members of the security forces and calling on all actors to contribute to the rehabilitation and reintegration of children formerly associated with armed groups and forces,
Welcoming the ceasefire agreement signed by the DRC and Rwanda on 30 July with the mediation of Angola, the launch of the reinforced Ad-Hoc Verification Mechanism (R-AVM) on November 5, as well as the adoption of the concept of operations for the harmonised plan for the neutralization of the Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda (FDLR) and the disengagement of forces on November 25, which is an important step to restore trust among different parties, and calling for its rapid implementation,
Expressing grave concern at the ongoing offensive by M23 in North Kivu in violation of the ceasefire and at the operational support delivered by external Forces from a neighbouring State to M23 as reported by the Group of Experts,
Taking note of the final 2024 report of the Group of Experts on the DRC (S/2024/432),
Expressing concern about the unauthorized presence in the Eastern DRC of external Forces from a neighbouring State as reported by the Group of Experts, in a
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manner inconsistent with the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the DRC, and calling for the immediate withdrawal of such forces outside of the DRC territory,
Expressing strong concern regarding the deployment of sophisticated weaponry including surface-to-air-missiles by a neighbouring State as reported by the Group of Experts, as well as occurrences of GPS jamming and spoofing activities in M23-controlled areas in North Kivu, which undermine MONUSCO’s ability to implement its protection of civilian mandate, threaten the safety and security of peacekeepers as well as civil aviation safety, and impact negatively on the ability of humanitarian actors to provide assistance to populations in need,
Recognising the adverse effects of climate change, ecological changes, natural disasters, and lack of energy access, among other factors, on the stability of the DRC, noting the importance of considering these effects, among other factors, on relevant programmes in the country, welcoming the leadership of the DRC in the development of national strategies to address these issues and in the preservation of the Congo basin forest, expressing concern regarding the activities of armed groups in protected areas that lead to environmental damage and acknowledging the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement,
Reiterating the necessity for MONUSCO to fully implement its mandate in accordance with relevant Security Council resolutions, using all means at its disposal to effectively address the threat posed by armed groups and other security threats, in the context of increased armed conflict in the DRC,
Reiterating its call on all parties to cooperate fully with MONUSCO and to remain committed to the full and objective implementation of the Mission’s mandate, including during the whole withdrawal process, underlining the importance of coordinated communication by MONUSCO and the DRC authorities on the disengagement process, further reiterating the importance of continued compliance with the Status of Forces Agreement, including the unhindered entry and rotation of MONUSCO’s peacekeepers and their equipment, and its condemnation of any and all attacks against peacekeepers, which may constitute war crimes, and emphasising that those responsible for such attacks must be held accountable,
Reiterating the importance of adequately resourcing United Nations peace operations during mission transitions and recalling resolution 2594 (2021) on United Nations peace operations transitions in this regard,
Underscoring the importance of strategic communications to the implementation of MONUSCO’s mandate and to the safety and security of its peacekeepers,
Determining that the situation in the DRC continues to constitute a threat to international peace and security in the region,
Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,
Political situation
1. Welcomes the efforts of Government of the DRC to respond to the needs of the Congolese people and strongly urges all Congolese political stakeholders to spare no efforts in implementing the critical governance, security and economic reforms, reiterates the importance of delivering on commitments to pursue national unity, strengthen the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the respect of freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of the press and the right of peaceful assembly, fight against corruption, promoting and upholding open, inclusive and safe civic space, and women’s safe participation, launch domestic development programmes to significantly reduce poverty, and further political inclusiveness and
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peacebuilding, and encourages MONUSCO to continue to support, through its good offices, peaceful, transparent, inclusive and credible political processes;
2. Welcomes the efforts of President Tshisekedi and his government towards reconciliation and peace and stability in the DRC, reaffirms the necessity for continued efforts with States in the region to build good relations with neighbouring countries and advance peace, security and regional integration, emphasises the crucial role of regional peace processes, in particular Luanda and Nairobi processes, and their continued support by MONUSCO, the Office of the Special Envoy for the Great Lakes, and international partners, stresses that political stability and security as well as increased State presence in areas of conflict, mainly in eastern DRC, are critical for sustainable peace in the DRC, calls upon the DRC authorities to work towards the stabilisation and strengthening of the capacity of State institutions particularly in areas of conflict, with the support of MONUSCO and the UNCT, in order to fulfil the rights and needs of all Congolese people, further calls upon all political stakeholders to continue to work in 2025 and beyond to improve and uphold peacebuilding and electoral processes throughout the DRC and to ensure the full, equal and meaningful participation of women at all stages;
3. Requests the Secretary-General and calls upon regional organisations to provide political support to the strengthening of State institutions in the DRC and the restoration of trust among the different parties, including through their good offices, in order to consolidate peace and security, tackle the root causes of conflict in priority areas, as well as foster a broad national consensus around key governance and security reforms, the fight against illegal exploitations of natural resources, and support to current reform and other electoral processes, in line with the government of DRC’s national priorities;
Human Rights
4. Welcomes the commitments and actions of President Tshisekedi towards ensuring that the Government of the DRC protects and respects human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as to combat impunity in all areas, further welcomes the steps taken by the Government of the DRC towards the establishment of a national transitional justice process, including the launch of consultations in several provinces, welcomes the decision to gradually end the state of siege in Ituri and North Kivu and encourages the Government of the DRC to ensure that, efforts to eliminate the threat of armed groups and to restore State authority are assessed on a regular basis, responsive to progress in achieving its clearly defined objectives and implemented with full respect for international human rights law and international humanitarian law, and calls upon all parties to respect their obligations under international humanitarian law and international human rights law;
5. Urges the Government of the DRC to hold accountable those responsible for violations of international humanitarian law or violations and abuses of human rights, in particular those that may amount to genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, stresses both regional cooperation and the DRC’s cooperation with the International Criminal Court following the DRC’s referral of the situation in the DRC in 2004, as well as cooperation with the African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights, and notes the May 2023 referral of the DRC authorities followed by the International Criminal Court Prosecutor’s decision to renew the Office’s investigative efforts in the DRC, with a priority focus given to any alleged Rome Statute crimes occurring in North Kivu since January 2022;
6. Encourages further steps by the Government of the DRC to hold security forces accountable for violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law and continue fighting impunity within their ranks, and calls on the
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Congolese authorities to ensure that those responsible for these acts are brought to justice, further calls upon the Government of the DRC to facilitate, in line with previous agreements, full and unhindered access for the Joint Human Rights Office in the DRC (UNJHRO) to all detention and prison facilities, hospitals and morgues and all other premises required for documenting human rights violations, as applicable, stresses the need for the Government of the DRC to continue to ensure the increased professionalism of its security forces, including vetting, training and capacity building of security personnel to fully respect domestic and international human rights law, as well as international humanitarian law, and underlines the importance of observing the rule of law;
7. Strongly condemns all forms of sexual and gender-based violence in conflict and post-conflict situations in the DRC and particularly by armed groups, welcomes efforts made by the Government of the DRC to combat and prevent sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict situations, including progress made in the fight against impunity through the arrest, prosecution and conviction of perpetrators of these crimes, urges the Government of the DRC to continue to strengthen its efforts to combat impunity for sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict situations, including sexual violence committed by some elements of the FARDC and PNC, and to provide all necessary services and protection to survivors, victims and witnesses such as the provision of medical, sexual and reproductive health, psychosocial, mental health, legal and socioeconomic services, calls upon the Government to continue efforts to implement the 2012 action plan to end and prevent rape and other forms of sexual violence and the Joint Communiqué signed with the UN to fight sexual violence in conflict, encourages the Government of the DRC to further its implementation of the December 2022 Law on Reparations through the National Fund on Reparations for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, encourages the Government of the DRC to enhance its implementation of the Joint Communiqué on the Fight Against Sexual Violence in Conflict adopted in 2013 and its addendum signed in 2019, and to ensure adequate funding is allocated to the implementation of these commitments, welcomes further progress by the FARDC and the PNC in implementing their respective action plans against sexual violence, recalls the importance of cooperation with the Office of the SRSG for Sexual Violence in Conflict, and calls upon the Secretary-General and the UNCT to ensure that integrated plans are in place to enable sustained United Nations support to the Government of the DRC’s efforts to prevent and combat conflict-related sexual violence after MONUSCO’s departure;
8. Welcomes the progress made by the Government of the DRC to consolidate the gains of the Action Plan to End and Prevent the Recruitment and Use of Children and expedite its implementation to end and prevent all violations and abuses against children, and to ensure that children are not detained for their alleged association with armed groups and are handed over to child protection actors, calls upon the Government of the DRC to continue its efforts, by ensuring that perpetrators of all violations and abuses, including within security forces, are held accountable, recalls the importance of cooperating with the Office of the SRSG for Children and Armed Conflict, and calls upon the Secretary-General and the UNCT to ensure that integrated plans are in place to enable sustained United Nations support to the Government of the DRC’s efforts to end and prevent all violations and abuses against children after MONUSCO’s departure;
Armed Groups
9. Strongly condemns all armed groups operating in the DRC, including the M23, the CODECO, the ADF, the FDLR, the Zaïre/FPAC, the RED-Tabara, Mai-Mai groups, the Twirwaneho and several other domestic and foreign armed groups, and their violations of international humanitarian law as well as other applicable
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international law, and abuses of human rights, reiterates its condemnation of attacks on the civilian population and infrastructures, United Nations and associated personnel and humanitarian actors, as well as medical personnel and facilities, summary executions and maiming, sexual and gender-based violence and recruitment and use of children, abductions of children and humanitarian personnel, attacks on schools and civilians connected with schools, including children and teachers, and hospitals in violation of applicable international law by armed groups and militias, the use of civilians as human shields, the forced displacement of significant numbers of civilians, extrajudicial executions and arbitrary arrests, the indiscriminate use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and further reiterates that those responsible must be held accountable;
10. Demands that all armed groups and their support networks cease immediately all forms of violence, other destabilising activities and the illegal exploitation and trafficking of natural resources, further demands the end of any further advances by the M23, the immediate and full implementation of its commitments made on the withdrawal from all occupied areas and its cantonment as agreed through the African Union endorsed Luanda Process, also demands a comprehensive approach to neutralising armed groups and that all members of armed groups immediately and permanently disband, lay down their arms, reject violence, end and prevent violations perpetrated against children and release children from their ranks, urges all Congolese armed groups to participate in the disarmament, demobilisation, community recovery and stabilisation programme (P-DDRCS), and foreign armed groups to return to their countries of origin,
11. Urges the Government of the DRC to take further action to address the threat posed by armed groups, combining military and non-military approaches consistent with international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law; further encourages the Government of the DRC, in close liaison with civil society and communities, to revitalize its efforts to establish national and local platforms for dialogue with armed groups willing to disarm, to seek political conditions in preparation for their disarmament and demobilization through the East African Community-led Nairobi process;
12. Condemns the continued territorial expansion of the M23, its establishment of parallel administrations in controlled areas against the sovereignty of the DRC, occurrences of GPS jamming and spoofing activities in North Kivu, its procurement of sophisticated weaponry in violation of the arms embargo, and its obstructions to humanitarian access in North Kivu, condemns M23’s threats against MONUSCO troops and positions, obstruction of MONUSCO’s movements including for troop rotations, resupply, and protection of civilians patrols and demands the immediate cessation of such activities, as well as of all violations and abuses committed by any other armed group in the DRC;
13. Condemns support by any external party to M23 and any other armed group operating in the DRC, as well as direct unauthorized foreign military intervention in the territory of the DRC, and demands the cessation of such support and the immediate withdrawal of any such party from the DRC, also condemns support to certain armed groups such as the FDLR, demands the cessation of such support and expresses its deep concern at the information, presented in the annual report of the Group of Experts on the DRC, regarding foreign military support provided to M23 and the support also provided by military forces to the FDLR and welcomes the commitments made by the DRC authorities to counter such support;
14. Urges the Government of the DRC and its partners, including international financial institutions, to urgently provide adequate and timely support for swift and effective implementation of the DDR of eligible former combatants, under
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coordination of the PDDRC-S, through tailored, community-based and context specific DDR initiatives with sustainable economic alternatives and opportunities, and ensuring that accountability for human rights violations and abuses and international crimes, transitional justice initiatives and the protection of children’s rights are an integral part of those processes, notes the promulgation of the law establishing an Armed Defense Reserve in the DRC in May 2023 and calls upon the Government of the DRC to ensure that the Armed Defense Reserve, as well as other recruitment and mobilization efforts, are implemented in a manner supportive of the implementation of the P-DDRCS and ongoing transitional justice and SSR initiatives;
15. Condemns the continued illegal exploitation and trafficking of natural resources, particularly so-called “conflict minerals” like tin, tantalum, tungsten, gold, diamonds, cobalt, and coltan, as well as cocoa, charcoal, timber, and wildlife, by armed groups and criminal networks supporting them, the negative impact of armed conflict on protected natural areas, which undermines lasting peace and development for the DRC, condemns the presence and destructive activities of armed groups in the protected natural areas in the DRC which undermine efforts to ensure the protection of forests, the biosphere and the environment as a whole and encourages the Government of the DRC to strengthen efforts to safeguard those areas, calls on member States of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) and regional economic communities to jointly fight illegal exploitation and trade of natural resources by enhancing judicial cooperation to prosecute cross-border trafficking, improving and reinforcing the security around mining regions, seeking rapprochement between mining communities, local authorities and security actors to resolve conflicts and promote the rights of person belonging to communities around mining regions, and encourages them to promote the transparent and lawful management of natural resources, including the adoption of government revenue targets to finance development, sustainable regulatory and customs frameworks, and responsible mineral sourcing supply chain due diligence, and recalls in this regard its resolutions 2457 (2019) and 2389 (2017) as well at its presidential statement S/PRST/2021/19;
16. Welcomes the commitments and actions taken by President Tshisekedi and his government to advance security sector reform (SSR) and promote the consolidation of State authority, reconciliation, tolerance and democracy, underlines the expanded opportunities for MONUSCO collaboration and coordination with Congolese security forces facilitated by these preliminary actions, encourages the Congolese authorities to uphold these commitments and to accelerate the troop rotations announced by President Tshisekedi, and calls on the Government of the DRC to remain committed to protecting the civilian population through the swift establishment of professional, accountable and sustainable security forces that respect international humanitarian law and domestic and international human rights law, the deployment of an accountable Congolese civil administration, in particular the police, judiciary, prison and territorial administration, and the consolidation of rule of law and promotion and protection of human rights, including by allocating the necessary financial resources, and taking into account women’s full, equal meaningful and safe participation, and encourages international partners to increase their support in this regard;
17. Calls for continued national efforts to address the threat posed by the illicit transfer, destabilising accumulation and misuse of small arms and light weapons and by diversions of arms to armed groups in the DRC, including inter alia through ensuring the safe and effective management, storage, monitoring and security of their stockpiles of weapons and ammunition, and the fight against arms trafficking and diversion, including through capacity building and combating impunity, with the continued support of MONUSCO, as appropriate and within existing resources, calls on the Government of the DRC to expand its support to the National Commission for Small Arms and Light Weapons Control and Reduction of Armed Violence (CNC-
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ALPC) and encourages the United Nations and international partners to increase their support to the Government of the DRC to enhance Weapons and Ammunition Management (WAM);
Regional support
18. Reaffirms that the elimination of the threat posed by armed groups requires an integrated regional approach and strong political engagement by the Government of the DRC, the African Union (AU), the East African Community (EAC), the ICGLR, and the Southern African Development Community (SADC), reaffirms its support to national and regional efforts to promote peace and stability in the DRC and the region, further expresses the need for the revitalization of the Peace, Security and Cooperation (PSC) framework for the DRC and the region, as a vehicle to address root causes of the conflict, welcomes progress made by the signatory countries of the PSC Framework, with the support of the Office of the Special Envoy for the Great Lakes, AU, ICGLR and SADC, in the revitalization process and calls on the countries of the region to renew their commitments under the (PSC) Framework, which remains an essential mechanism to achieve durable peace, security and stability in the DRC and the region, stresses the commitments undertaken by signatories of the PSC Framework not to tolerate nor provide assistance or support of any kind to armed groups, and reaffirms efforts of the Special Envoy on WPS through the African women leadership and mediation networks;
19. Encourages ownership and political will by the signatory states of the PSC Framework for the effective implementation of the UN Strategy for Peace Consolidation, Conflict Prevention and Conflict Resolution in the Great Lakes region as well as its Action Plan, fully supports the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the Great Lakes in fulfilling his mandate to address the remaining challenges in implementation of the PSC Framework and to promote peace and stability in the region, calls on the Special Envoy to intensify his regional and international engagement to support the full implementation of the PSC Framework, including through effective support to ongoing efforts for the revitalization of the PSC Framework and good offices, as well as to regional peace initiatives, notably the Nairobi and Luanda processes, encourages coordinated strategies and shared information between the Office of the Special Envoy for the Great Lakes, MONUSCO, UNOCA and other UN entities, and urges MONUSCO to work with the Office of the Special Envoy for the Great Lakes to seek political solutions to stop the cross-border flows of armed combatants, arms and natural resources that threaten peace and stability in the DRC, by aligning strategies and conducting information-sharing and coordinating their respective reporting;
20. Welcomes all efforts to harmonize and coordinate the existing peace initiatives to address the situation in the DRC, such as the quadripartite summit of the East African Community, the Economic Community of Central African States, the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region and the Southern African Development Community, which was convened in Luanda under the auspices of the African Union on 27 June 2023;
21. Reaffirms its unwavering support for ongoing mediation efforts between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda through the Luanda Process led by Angola and President Joao Lourenço, calls on both parties to fully cooperate regarding the implementation of the harmonized plan for the neutralization of Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda (FDLR) and the disengagement of forces, as well as the implementation of its concept of operations, further strongly urges the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda to engage in the process in good faith including by reconvening the high-level Tripartite Summit on Peace and Security in Eastern DRC in Luanda with a view to achieving a lasting, peaceful solution to the protracted conflict
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in the region, welcomes MONUSCO’s continued role to support the Luanda process, including technical support to the reinforced Ad-Hoc Verification Mechanism (R-AVM); calls on the parties to fully respect the ceasefire and welcomes efforts to ensure participation by women and women-led networks in the peace process;
22. Recalls resolution 2746 (2024) setting the parameters for MONUSCO’s support to the Southern African Development Community Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (SAMIDRC), in furtherance of MONUSCO’s mandate, and within existing resources, further recalls that any such support should be in strict compliance with the United Nations HRDDP, and further stresses the importance of the protection of civilians, of ensuring coherence, coordination, complementarity and efficient articulation of efforts between MONUSCO, the FARDC and SAMIDRC, including through their meaningful engagement and presence in the joint Centre de Coordination des Opérations (CCO), of improved close coordination and information sharing between SAMIRDC, the FARDC, Burundi National Defence Forces, Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces and MONUSCO, including to deconflict operations and to ensure MONUSCO mandate implementation, and of the need to carry out all operations, joint or unilateral, in strict compliance with international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, as applicable;
23. Calls upon Member States contributing to regional forces to ensure the highest standards of transparency, conduct and discipline for their contingents, and for regional forces to implement a robust compliance framework, in accordance with the African Union Compliance Framework, and further requests relevant UN entities, consistent with their respective mandates, to support its implementation;
24. Calls upon the Government of the DRC to facilitate in line with previous agreements, full, and unhindered access for MONUSCO to areas where Operation Shujaa is active;
Gradual, responsible and sustainable withdrawal
25. Takes full note of the comprehensive disengagement plan, submitted to the Security Council by the Government of the DRC and the United Nations in line with S/PRST/2023/5, acknowledges the completion of its first phase through the withdrawal of MONUSCO from South Kivu, recalls that the mission’s area of operations is limited to the provinces of North Kivu and Ituri, continues to strongly encourage the DRC authorities to take concrete action to ensure the protection of civilians in South Kivu including the protection of children and women in line with their obligations under international law, and calls on relevant partners to support national peacebuilding efforts;
26. Requests the joint development by the Government of the DRC and the United Nations of a tailored approach to the mission’s gradual, responsible and sustainable withdrawal, that takes into consideration evolving conflict dynamics and protection risks in hotspot areas across the provinces of North Kivu and Ituri, calls for the methodology of such approach to be communicated to the Council in line with OP50; and calls for scaled-up efforts by the Government of the DRC in partnership with MONUSCO and relevant partners, to build the capacity needed to fully assume its primary responsibility for the protection of civilians throughout the national territory;
27. Expresses its readiness to consider and determine further steps towards the gradual, responsible and sustainable withdrawal from North Kivu and Ituri taking into account the ongoing planning undertaken by the Government of the DRC and the United Nations, within the framework of the Joint Working Group consisting of the Government of the DRC, MONUSCO and the UNCT, in coordination with relevant stakeholders, including in liaison with provincial integrated transition teams and civil
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society, taking into consideration the situation on the ground, encourages the empowerment of provincial integrated transition teams, urges regular joint assessments between MONUSCO and central, provincial, and local government authorities in Ituri and North Kivu, and urges MONUSCO and the Government of the DRC to intensify joint planning for the smooth and responsible transfer of the mission responsibilities to the Congolese authorities, with a particular focus on the protection of civilians, and a transfer of knowledge and capacity-building, including on Child protection, prevention of conflict-related sexual-violence and Women, Peace and Security;
28. Strongly encourages the Congolese authorities to develop, with the support of MONUSCO, the UNCT and relevant stakeholders including with civil society, a coherent resource mobilisation strategy to support efforts aimed at strengthening the capacity of Congolese institutions to maintain a protective environment, and calls on the international community and donors to support the adequate scaling up of the activities and programming of relevant United Nations entities at national and regional levels and civil society organizations operating in the DRC to support protection and peacebuilding efforts and calls upon MONUSCO, the UNCT, other United Nations entities operating in the DRC and the DRC Government to accelerate progress on the priority collaborative actions identified in the disengagement plan and to enable scaled up programming by the UNCT in preparation for MONUSCO’s gradual, responsible and sustainable withdrawal, in consultation with international financial institutions;
29. Underlines the importance, in transition settings, of a proactive approach to strategic communications and the role of the host country in this regard, requests MONUSCO to strengthen its communication efforts to support the implementation of its mandate, enhance its protection, and raise awareness of its mandate and its role, and in this regard strongly encourages joint communications between MONUSCO and the Government of the DRC especially regarding evolving approaches and timelines governing MONUSCO’s disengagement and transition, to contribute to creating conditions conducive to the smooth, responsible and sustainable reconfiguration of United Nations presence and requests MONUSCO and relevant partners to continue to explore the available options to sustain Radio Okapi’s independent programming in the context of MONUSCO’s withdrawal;
30. Calls upon the government of the DRC to cooperate fully with MONUSCO’s personnel, ensuring their safety and security during the withdrawal process, which should be done in a safe and orderly manner, and requests the government to fully respect all provisions of the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) until the departure of the final element of MONUSCO from the DRC;
MONUSCO’s mandate
31. Decides to extend until 20 December 2025 the mandate of MONUSCO in the DRC, including, on an exceptional basis and without creating a precedent or any prejudice to the basic principles of peacekeeping, its Force Intervention Brigade;
32. Decides that MONUSCO’s authorised troop ceiling will comprise 11,500 military personnel, 600 military observers and staff officers, 443 police personnel, and 1,270 personnel of formed police units;
33. Decides that the strategic priorities of MONUSCO are (i) to contribute to the protection of civilians in its area of deployment and (ii) to support the stabilisation and strengthening of State institutions in the DRC and key governance and security reforms;
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34. Authorises MONUSCO, in pursuit of its mandated tasks and in line with the basic principles of peacekeeping, to take all necessary measures to carry out its mandate;
35. Stresses the need to carry out all operations, joint or unilateral, in strict compliance with international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, as applicable, requests MONUSCO to ensure that any support provided to operations conducted by national security forces, including in the form of rations and fuel, should be only for joint operations, jointly planned and executed, and subject to appropriate oversight and scrutiny, and in strict compliance with the United Nations HRDDP, including by the UNCT, failing which that support should be suspended;
Tasks by order of priority
36. Decides that the mandate of MONUSCO shall include the following tasks in priority order in paragraphs 36 through 45, further stresses that all MONUSCO’s tasks should be implemented in a manner consistent with respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and stresses that the protection of civilians shall be given priority in decisions about the use of available capacity and resources:
(i) Protection of civilians under threat of physical violence by taking all necessary measures to ensure effective, timely, dynamic and integrated protection
(a) Prevent, deter and stop all armed groups and local militias from inflicting violence on the populations, including by preventing all armed groups and local militias from invading, attacking, or surrounding major population centres, including in support of the Congolese authorities, by disarming them, by using good offices and by supporting and undertaking local mediation efforts and national level advocacy to prevent escalation of violence and to counter hate speech, disinformation and misinformation, paying particular attention to civilians gathered in displaced persons and refugee camps, whose civilian and humanitarian character must be respected by all parties, peaceful demonstrators, humanitarian personnel and human rights defenders, by using all means at its disposal, across all troop and police contributing countries, to promptly and effectively prevent armed groups’ attacks against civilians, in line with the basic principles of peacekeeping;
(b) Carry out targeted offensive operations in the DRC to neutralise armed groups, through an effective Force Intervention Brigade (FIB), under the full authority of the Force Commander, to contribute to the objective of reducing the threat posed by armed groups to state authority and civilian security and to make space for stabilisation activities, either unilaterally or jointly with the Congolese security forces;
(c) Conduct increased and effective joint operations with the Congolese security forces, that include joint planning and tactical cooperation, in accordance with MONUSCO’s mandate and in strict compliance with the United Nations HRDDP, to ensure all efforts possible are being made to prevent, deter and stop armed groups;
(d) Maintain a proactive deployment and a mobile, flexible, robust and effective posture, including by conducting active patrolling by foot and by vehicle, in particular in high-risk areas;
(e) Continue to mitigate the risk to civilians before, during and after any military or police operation, including by tracking, preventing, minimizing, and addressing civilian harm resulting from the Mission’s operations, including in support
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of national defense and security forces and in support of other forces as authorized by Security Council;
(f) Work with the Government of the DRC and humanitarian workers to identify threats to civilians and implement joint prevention and response plans and strengthen civil-military cooperation, to allow and facilitate full, safe, rapid and unhindered humanitarian access to all civilians in need, and to ensure the protection of civilians from and accountability for abuses and violations of human rights and violations of international humanitarian law, including all forms of sexual and gender-based violence and violations and abuses committed against children and persons with disabilities;
(g) Enhance its community engagement with civilians and build on the capacities of local communities including women’s groups and networks to support the creation of a protective environment, including strengthening mechanisms for the unarmed protection of civilians, and its use of strategic communications, including through joint communications with the Government of the DRC, to raise awareness and understanding about its mandate and activities to protect civilians, to strengthen its early warning mechanism, including to prevent and counter disinformation campaigns and misinformation aimed at undermining the mission’s credibility and hindering the implementation of its mandate, in particular during the disengagement phases;
(h) Maintain a protective environment for civilians throughout the disengagement phases, including by developing integrated provincial protection plans, jointly elaborated with local authorities and security services and in consultation with communities and civil society, and support the Government of the DRC in defining and implementing its own POC approach, to facilitate MONUSCO’s responsible withdrawal;
(ii) Disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration (DDR) and stabilisation
(i) Provide good offices, advice and assistance to the Government of the DRC, in close cooperation with international and local partners, towards the development of an inclusive peace process, including the establishment of a local dialogue mechanism with armed groups wishing to disarm and demobilize, building on the outcomes of the three rounds of consultations with armed groups and local communities under the EAC-led Nairobi process, the Luanda agreement, the implementation of community violence reduction initiatives and of the P-DDRCS;
(j) Support the Government of the DRC in the implementation of the PDDRC-S with a focus on building the capacity of national, provincial and local authorities in disarming, demobilizing and reintegrating combatants not suspected of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity or abuses of human rights, into a peaceful civilian life through a community-based approach, while paying specific attention to the needs of women and children formerly associated with armed forces and groups;
(k) Provide support to the disarmament, demobilisation, repatriation, resettlement and reintegration (DDRRR) processes and mechanisms to return and reintegrate foreign combatants not suspected of international crimes or abuses of human rights and their dependents to a peaceful civilian life in their country of origin, or a receptive third country while paying specific attention to the needs of women and children formerly associated with armed forces and groups;
(l) Advise and support the DRC authorities in the disposal of weapons and ammunitions of disarmed Congolese and foreign combatants in compliance with relevant Security Council resolutions as well as applicable international arms control treaties;
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(m) Continue to collaborate with the Government of the DRC to consolidate the gains of the Action Plan to Prevent and End the Recruitment and Use of Children and expedite its implementation and continue dialogue with all listed parties to obtain further commitments and to prevent and end violations and abuses against children;
(n) Continue to provide good offices and technical advice to the Government of the DRC in the consolidation of an effective national civilian structure that controls key mining activities and manages in an equitable and productive manner the extraction, value addition, transport, and trade of natural resources in eastern DRC, with a view to preventing illegal exploitation of natural resources by armed groups and criminal networks supporting them, to complement national ownership and traceability efforts provided by the Office of the Special Envoy for the Great Lakes to regional organizations, and in coordination with initiatives from public and private sectors;
(iii) Security Sector Reform (SSR)
(o) Provide good offices and strategic and technical advice to the Government of the DRC and play a role in coordinating the support provided by international and bilateral partners and the United Nations system as appropriate, to:
– accelerate national ownership of SSR which delivers security and justice to all through independent, accountable and functioning justice and security institutions which take into account women’s full, equal, meaningful and safe participation, including through the finalization and implementation of the national security policy and SSR strategy;
– promote and facilitate critical reforms to enhance the oversight and accountability of the justice and security sector, including through human rights training, with a view to strengthening the operational effectiveness of the Congolese Armed Forces and the National Police, to enable the Government to fully assume its primary responsibility for the security and protection of its population in compliance with international humanitarian law and human rights law;
– Support the Congolese authorities in developing a framework for the systematic vetting of defence and security personnel, in particular for the Armed Defense Reserve, and, as necessary, ensuring that those suspected of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity or other human rights violations and abuses are barred from joining the armed forces and referred to judicial authorities
– provide enhanced support, including via the United Nations Mine Action Service, to the strengthening and consolidation of the capacities of the Congolese security forces, including on weapons and ammunitions management, Counter-IED, Explosive Ordnance Disposal as well as on basic investigation and forensics exploitation related to IEDs;
Human rights and IHL
37. Authorises MONUSCO to monitor, report immediately to the Security Council, follow-up on human rights violations and abuses and violations of international humanitarian law, and on restrictions on political space and violence,
38. Further authorises MONUSCO, without impeding on its capacity to implement its three priority tasks, to use its existing capacities to implement the following tasks exclusively in cooperation with the UNCT and in a streamlined and sequenced manner, bearing in mind that all tasks are mutually reinforcing:
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Protection of the United Nations
(a) Ensure the protection of United Nations personnel, facilities, installations and equipment and the security and freedom of movement of United Nations and associated personnel;
Support to the DRC judicial system and fight against impunity
(b) Work with the authorities of the DRC, leveraging the capacities and expertise of the UN System, to strengthen and support the DRC judicial and correctional system in order to investigate and prosecute all those allegedly responsible for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity and violations of international humanitarian law and violations or abuses of human rights in the country, including through cooperation with States of the region and the ICC;
(c) Provide good offices, advice and support to the Government of the DRC to promote human rights, in particular civil and political rights, and to fight impunity, including through the implementation of the Government’s “zero tolerance policy” with respect to discipline and human rights and international humanitarian law violations, committed by elements of the security sector, and to engage and facilitate mediation efforts at local level to advance sustainable peace;
Child protection
39. Requests MONUSCO to take fully into account child protection as a cross-cutting issue throughout its mandate, inter alia, in DDR processes and in SSR as well as during interventions leading to the separation of children from armed groups in order to end and prevent violations and abuses against children, and to continue to ensure the effectiveness of the monitoring and reporting mechanisms on children and armed conflict and acknowledges the crucial role of United Nations Child Protection Advisers in MONUSCO;
Gender, Sexual Violence
40. Requests MONUSCO to take fully into account gender considerations as a crosscutting issue throughout its mandate and to assist the Government of the DRC and other relevant stakeholders in creating a legal, political and socio-economic environment conducive to ensuring the full, equal, meaningful and safe participation and full involvement and representation of women at all levels, and survivors of sexual and gender-based violence, for the maintenance and promotion of peace and security, protection of civilians, including by engaging women’s networks as partners in protection, support to DDR and SSR efforts, and support to stabilisation efforts, requests MONUSCO support the government in advancing women’s full, equal, meaningful and safe political participation, including by providing support to strengthening the capacity of relevant national and provincial level authorities in the implementation of women, peace and security commitments and acknowledges the crucial role of United Nations Women Protection Advisers and Gender Advisers in MONUSCO;
41. Reiterates the urgent and imperative need to hold accountable all perpetrators of violations of international humanitarian law, requests MONUSCO to accelerate the coordinated implementation of monitoring, analysis and reporting arrangements on sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict situations;
Humanitarian Access and Humanitarian Appeal
42. Recalls all its relevant resolutions on the protection of humanitarian and medical personnel, including resolutions 2439 (2018), 2286 (2016) and 2730 (2024),
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and demands that all parties allow and facilitate, in accordance with relevant provisions of international law and consistent with humanitarian principles, the full, safe, immediate and unhindered access of humanitarian personnel, equipment and supplies and the timely delivery of humanitarian assistance to populations in need, in particular to refugees and internally displaced persons, throughout the territory of the DRC;
43. Calls on Member States and international and regional organisations to respond swiftly to the humanitarian needs identified in the Humanitarian Response Plan through increased contributions and to ensure that all pledges are honoured in full and in a timely manner;
44. Emphasises the importance of maintaining international support and engagement – financially, technically and in-kind – to respond rapidly to infectious disease outbreaks and requests all relevant parts of the United Nations System to effectively coordinate their activities, in accordance with their mandates and responsibilities, in response to outbreaks;
Sanctions regime
45. Requests MONUSCO to monitor the implementation of the arms embargo as described in paragraphs 1 to 3 of resolution 2738 (2024), in cooperation with the Group of Experts established by resolution 1533 (2004), and in particular observe and report on flows of military personnel, arms or related materiel across the eastern border of the DRC, including by using, as specified in the letter of the Council dated 22 January 2013 (S/2013/44), surveillance capabilities provided by unmanned aerial systems, seize, collect, record and dispose of arms or related materiel brought into the DRC in violation of the measures imposed by paragraphs 1 to 3 of resolution 2688 (2023), and to assist and exchange relevant information with the Group of Experts;
Mission effectiveness and Safety and Security of peacekeepers
46. Requests the Secretary-General to provide MONUSCO with the necessary capacities to fulfil its mandate in a complex security environment that includes asymmetric threats to its personnel and to ensure that all peacekeepers in the field are willing, capable and equipped to effectively and safely implement their mandate, underscores the importance of current and future troop and police contributing countries (T/PCCs) providing troops and police with adequate capabilities, equipment and predeployment training, further requests the Secretary-General, Member States, and the Government of DRC to take all appropriate measures to ensure the best level possible of safety and security of MONUSCO’s personnel, in line with resolution 2518 (2020), in line with UN guidelines and best practices to improve safety of peacekeepers, notes with concern the grave risks violations of the Status of Forces Agreement can present to the safety and security of United Nations personnel serving in peacekeeping operations, underscores that the primary responsibility for the safety and security of United Nations personnel and assets rests with host State, highlights the importance of effective communications between United Nations peacekeeping operations and host governments to build trust and mutual understanding and requests the Secretary-General to continue support to national authorities in completing ongoing investigations before the Mission’s withdrawal to implement the provisions of resolution 2589 (2021) for establishing accountability for crimes against peacekeepers;
47. Requests the Secretary-General to implement the activities listed in paragraph 42 of resolution 2612 (2021) in the planning and conduct of MONUSCO’s operations within the limits of the mandate and area of operation and in line with existing United Nations guidelines and regulations as well as paragraph 44 of resolution 2612 (2021), further requests MONUSCO to implement paragraph 45 of resolution 2612 (2021) and troop- and police-contributing countries to implement
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paragraphs 46 and 47 of resolution 2612 (2021) and noting the implementation of the United Nations Department of Operational Support’s “Way Forward: Environment Strategy for Peace Operations 2030”, which emphasises good stewardship of resources and a positive legacy of the mission, and identifies the goal of expanded renewable energy use in missions to enhance safety and security, save costs, offer efficiencies and benefit the mission;
48. Urges troop- and police-contributing countries to continue taking appropriate action to prevent sexual exploitation and abuse, including vetting of all personnel, predeployment and in-mission awareness training, to ensure full accountability in cases of such conduct involving their personnel, including through timely investigations of all allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse by troop- and police-contributing countries to hold perpetrators accountable, to take appropriate disciplinary measures, notes the content of the latest Secretary-General’s report while recalling that fighting against sexual exploitation and abuse remains critical, and calls on the Secretary-General, in line with Security Council resolutions 2272 (2016) and 2436 (2018) to repatriate units when there is credible evidence of widespread or systemic sexual exploitation and abuse by those units, to report to the United Nations fully and promptly on actions undertaken and also calls on the United Nations to provide appropriate oversight and investigations, where applicable, of all mission personnel;
Reports by the Secretary-General
49. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council every three months including:
– updates on progress towards the implementation of the gradual, responsible and sustainable withdrawal of MONUSCO, including the gradual transfer of tasks to the Government of DRC;
– information on the situation in the DRC, including progress towards the strengthening of State institutions, key governance and security reforms;
– information, including qualitative performance metrics, on the implementation of MONUSCO’s mandate, including its protection of civilian tasks, cooperation among regional security forces, MONUSCO’s performance including on FIB operations, its coordination with FARDC, and ongoing efforts to enhance its contribution to mandate implementation as an integral part of the MONUSCO Force under the full authority of the Force Commander; information on police and force generation, including identifying operational challenges and making practical recommendations aimed at enhancing its agility and capacity to protect civilians, neutralize armed groups and address emerging threats and whether and how the mission’s activities have contributed towards achieving the mission’s priority tasks referenced in paragraph 24, and what challenges and obstacles the mission faced in advancing the priority tasks, using the data collected and analysed through the Comprehensive Planning and Performance Assessment System (CPAS), the mission’s implementation of the Integrated Peacekeeping Performance and Accountability Framework (IPPAF) and other strategic planning and performance measurement tools to describe the mission’s impact and overall mission performance, including information on undeclared caveats, declining to participate in or undertake patrols and their impact on the mission, and how the reported cases of under-performance are addressed;
– information on the actions and impact of strategic communications for mandated activities;
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– updates on efforts to adequately resource and on progress on implementation of the priority collaborative actions with specialised agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations;
– updates on the progressive transfer of MONUSCO’s tasks to the Government of the DRC and where appropriate on the discontinuation of tasks;
– updates on the operationalization of MONUSCO’s support to SAMIDRC and on the implementation of UNSCR 2746 (2024),
– and further requests the Secretary-General to include gender analysis in all reports to the Security Council;
50. Requests the Government of the DRC and the United Nations, within the framework of the Joint Working Group consisting of the Government of the DRC, MONUSCO and the UN Country team to report to the Security Council by 31 March 2025, in coordination with relevant stakeholders, including with civil society, on the assessment and lessons learned from the withdrawal of MONUSCO from South Kivu including on children and armed conflict, and on the definition, methodology, practical modalities, and intended way forward for the operationalization of the tailored approach aiming at adapting to local conflict dynamics and protection risks in hotspot areas, with a view to informing further steps for the mission’s gradual, sustainable and responsible withdrawal with a specific focus on protection of civilians;
51. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council every six months, in coordination with the Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for the Great Lakes and the SRSG for the DRC on the implementation of the PSC Framework and its linkages with the broader security situation in the Great Lakes Region;
52. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. [^]
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